An integrative review of transparency for safer gambling.

Abstract

Online gambling, comprising 43% of the UK's Gross Gambling Yield (GGY) in April 2022- March 2023, raises concerns about harmful gambling due to its easy accessibility, personalized marketing, and persuasive and immersive technology. Safer Gambling (SG) is naturally related to transparency (e.g., clear display of terms and conditions and odds of winning) to mitigate these risks. Using an integrative review approach which enables synthesis of knowledge, we examined a range of data sources and methodologies, identifying a scarcity of literature on this topic. Key themes of transparency emerged from 172 articles in this review, involving information and education for SG, SG tools, data-driven approaches and persuasive technologies, advertising, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and individual responsibility, research evidence and funding sources. These themes form a conceptual framework to guide best practices for stakeholders, including the gambling industry, policymakers, and researchers for SG-driven transparency. Recommendations emphasize providing clear, accessible educational content about gambling risks, correcting misperceptions, ensuring SG tools are well-communicated, tailored, and transparent, and protecting individual data through informed consent and algorithmic transparency. Gambling advertisements should avoid misleading content, focus on fairness, and include SG information. CSR initiatives should clarify responsibilities and undergo independent assessment, while governments must update SG policies and encourage industry accountability. The review calls for more longitudinal research to evaluate and refine this framework while addressing the complexities of balancing transparency with user experience in SG interventions, ultimately reducing risks and promoting responsible and safer gambling attitudes and behavior.