Game of (Delivery) Drones: A Game-Based Approach for Supporting Deliberation on the Use of Drones in Logistics.

Abstract

This study investigates stakeholder perceptions of delivery drones, focusing on their societal implications and potential to inform policy development. While drones are anticipated to transform last-mile logistics, public understanding of their operational and regulatory challenges remains limited. Current research often adopts a deficit model, emphasising gaining acceptance over meaningful explorations of public concerns. This study addresses this gap by employing Social Representations Theory and Knowledge Co-creation to examine how individuals construct shared understandings of delivery drones through dialogue, media narratives, and social interactions. A qualitative approach was adopted, and a serious board game, The Game of (Delivery) Drones, was developed to engage participants in discussions about drone logistics. The game simulated realistic scenarios, incorporating parameters such as ground risk, energy consumption, and operational challenges. Participants explored these aspects while responding to embedded questions that elicited their views on delivery drones. A total of 11 game-based focus groups were conducted, with 58 participants. In parallel, a media representation study analysed drone-related headlines from three major online UK news sources to contextualise how delivery drones are framed in public discourse. These representations informed the design of game scenarios and served as reference points during participant discussions, particularly when reflecting on dominant narratives around drones. Participants actively explored complex scenarios, collaboratively reflecting on the implications of delivery drones. Gameplay facilitated knowledge co-creation, enabling participants to articulate and negotiate diverse perspectives. Participants expressed concerns about safety, privacy, noise, and socio-economic inequities, contrasting these with media portrayals that often emphasise technological progress while downplaying risks. Essential versus non-essential drone use emerged as a key area of debate, with participants calling for place-specific regulations and clearer policy frameworks. The board game effectively engaged stakeholders and captured nuanced insights into public perceptions of delivery drones. This adaptable tool offers a replicable method for public engagement and policymaking. The findings highlight the importance of participatory approaches in developing equitable, context-sensitive regulations and encourage informed decision-making for emerging transport technologies.